The Theology of Liberation is a school of thought that explored dimensions of liberation from the standpoint of Catholic Social Teaching. In some of its radical expressions, in particular in Latin America, liberation theology embraced many elements of Marxist theory and advocated for social change through various forms of revolution. At times, it also cast Christ as a form of revolutionary figure.
Its more extreme dimensions emphasized a closeness with the poor and the suffering and called for authentic liberation in Christ.
In a January 2017 interview with Spanish newspaper El País, Pope Francis said: “Liberation theology was a positive thing in Latin America. The Vatican condemned the part that opted for Marxist analysis of reality. Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger [the later Pope Benedict XVI] issued two instructions when he was prefect of the Doctrine of the Faith: One very clear about the Marxist analysis of reality, and the second taking up positive aspects.”
During St. John Paul II’s papacy, the Congregation (now Dicastery) for the Doctrine of the Faith conducted an investigation that resulted in two documents: “The instruction on certain aspects of the ‘Theology of Liberation’” – Libertatis Nuntius (1984) and the “Instruction on Christian freedom and liberation” – Libertatis Conscientia (1986).
Over many years, the Vatican examined Gutiérrez’s writings. In 2006, the Peruvian bishops’ conference reported that the Vatican had “concluded the path of clarification of problematic points contained in some works of the author” in 2004, with a revised second version of Gutiérrez’s article “Ecclesial Koinonia.”
Life and Writings
Born on June 8, 1928, Gutiérrez was ordained a priest in 1959 and joined the Dominican order in 2001. He studied medicine and literature at the National University of San Marcos while participating in Catholic Action. He later studied theology at the University of Louvain (Belgium) and the Institut Catholique of Lyon (France).
Gutiérrez served as the John Cardinal O’Hara Endowed Professor of Theology at the University of Notre Dame (USA). His books have been translated into multiple languages.
One of Gutiérrez’s last international appearances was in Rome in October 2019 at a congress held at the Jesuit General Curia. There, at the invitation of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America (CAL), he delivered a lecture on “The Preferential Option for the Poor.”
A year earlier, in June 2018, Pope Francis sent Gutiérrez a letter for his 90th birthday, thanking him “for what you have contributed to the Church and humanity through your theological service and your preferential love for the poor and the discarded of society.”
